From Faith-Based Medical Relief to Transnational Health Capacity: EMT Muhammadiyah in Global Health Governance
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32506/anqm6310Keywords:
Muhammadiyah, emergency medical teams, global health governance, faith-based humanitarianism, IndonesiaAbstract
This article examines the Emergency Medical Team (EMT) Muhammadiyah as an emerging non-state actor in global health governance through the end of 2022. Using qualitative historical-institutional document analysis, it interprets organizational records, Indonesian disaster-governance documents, World Health Organization standards, and scholarship rather than conducting a systematic literature review. The findings show that EMT Muhammadiyah developed by converting Muhammadiyah's hospital network, professional personnel, philanthropy, and disaster volunteers into a deployable medical capability aligned with international standards. Domestic responses supplied recurrent operational learning, while missions in the Philippines, Nepal, Myanmar-Bangladesh, and Pakistan connected the organization to state-led and multilateral humanitarian coordination. Its governance significance lies in four functions: translating global norms into organizational procedures, supplying surge capacity to national systems, representing locally rooted expertise in transnational networks, and linking religious legitimacy with impartial service. However, international engagement remained constrained by uneven readiness, dependence on public authorization and partner logistics, limited outcome data, and incomplete accountability to affected populations. EMT Muhammadiyah therefore illustrates how a faith-based organization can enter global health governance without becoming a conventional international NGO.
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