Muhammadiyah’s Role in Indonesia’s Independence: A Historical Systematic Review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32506/jaims.v2i1.953Keywords:
Muhammadiyah, historical systematic review, Indonesia Independence, Ki Bagus Hadikusumo, General Soedirman, 'Aisyiyah, NationalismAbstract
This article systematically reviews how historical scholarship published up to 2020 explains Muhammadiyah’s contribution to Indonesian independence. Employing a qualitative historical systematic review, the study synthesizes nineteen analytical sources consisting of journal articles, academic books, and an institutionally produced edited volume. The review distinguishes direct organizational action from the activities of cadres whose political and military roles were formed within Muhammadiyah networks. Five pathways emerge. First, Muhammadiyah created pre-political foundations of independence through modern education, healthcare, philanthropy, print culture, and organizational discipline. Second, ‘Aisyiyah expanded women’s literacy, public leadership, and participation in national women’s networks. Third, youth formation through schools and Hizbul Wathan cultivated discipline, patriotism, and leadership, most visibly in General Soedirman. Fourth, Muhammadiyah leaders—including Ki Bagus Hadikusumo, Abdul Kahar Muzakkir, and Kasman Singodimedjo—participated in constitutional debates, the BPUPKI–PPKI process, and negotiations surrounding the state’s religious foundation. Fifth, Muhammadiyah cadres contributed to defending and consolidating the Republic after the proclamation. The synthesis argues that Muhammadiyah’s role cannot be reduced either to armed resistance or to the actions of several national heroes. Its principal contribution was infrastructural and cadre-based: it produced institutions, social capacities, moral vocabularies, and leadership networks that enabled Muslims to enter the national movement and sustain the new state. The literature nevertheless remains uneven, with excessive emphasis on elite male figures and limited independent evidence concerning local branches, women, ordinary members, and organizational coordination during the revolution. The review proposes a multidimensional framework connecting institutional nation-building, civic mobilization, cadre formation, constitutional negotiation, and republican defense.Muhammadiyah
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